pyromorphite and others

Pyromorphite is a pseudomorph after galena and cerussite and takes the form of these minerals which it replaces.  It is found in association with lead. 

The phosphate called vanadinite is formed by water which alters the lead ore.  I do have a very nice sample of this somewhere in my collection.  The crystals can be many colors, usually a cinnamon brown.  As far as lead is concerned, vanadinite can be found in commercially viable amounts.  Torbernite is hydrous copper uranium phosphate, and autunite is hydrous calcium uranium phosphate.  The two occur together.  Torberite is bright green.  Autunite is greenish or yellowish and is vividly fluorescent.  

And so I've come to the end of the phosphates.  Next I will dispose of the chromates.  When will I get around to collecting all of these?  Should I blog about rocks next, as opposed to minerals?

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

very close to the end of mineralogy

Carnotite is an ore of uranium.  It is a distinct yellow or greenish color and is often found incorporated into petrified wood.  Tyuyamunite occurs with carnotite (sometimes) but contains potassium rather than calcium.  I do have a sample of tyuyamunite in my collection.  It is supposed to be from Montana.  Amblygonite is found with cassiterite and topaz in pegmatites and can be pink and glassy in luster.  Triphylite is also precipitated in granite pegmatites but is black in color and softer.

The highway department has taken down my road signs for my shop.  They want me to buy new ones for nearly one thousand dollars, which is not feasible in the winter.  First I have to get the big saw fixed so I can generate more inventory.

cold weather

I had to email a customer and tell him that I just couldn't bully my way out to the shop and look for his rocks.  Yesterday I tried again and the walk was too slippery.  I have had an irrational fear of falling ever since a concrete step crumbled under me, which has been a few years ago.  Today it said -35 so I am delaying that cold trek again......

 Apatite is a very common phosphate used for fertilizer.  It is a source of fluoride.  Deposits are derived from fossil bone.  Monazite contains uranium and other important raw materials so is mined commercially.  It is used in isotope analysis to determine the age of rocks.  Vivianite and erythrite are secondary phosphates.  The latter is reddish and vivianite is colorless, blue or green.  Variscite is a beautiful material, sometimes used for carving or jewelry.  It is a hydrous aluminum-iron phsphate, white to greenish in color.

continuing mineralogy

I guess I had do some mop up on my study of mineralogy and blogging thereof.  The next consideration is phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates.  Many of these are useful as gemstones due to their attractive qualities.  The phosphate that comes to mind is turquoise.  It is found in igneous rocks and some pegmatities.  Its color and veining makes it very popular as a gemstone.

Lazulite is a blue magnesium iron-aluminum phosphate.  It could easily be confused with lazurite or lapis lazuli (a rock not a mineral).  Lazulite crystals are popular as gemstones due to their unusual blue color.

 

 

I was just reading an old geological survery online.  The subject was Hubbard County geology.  Hubbard county is where I live.  It is quite dull, and not referenced even once in my new Minnesota geology book.  To begin, there is no exposed bedrock.  The line of moraines running east to west may tell a little about the history of the movement of glaciers, to someone who can read the signs.  In the southeast corner there are a few pieces of soft, impure limestone, indicating there might be late cambrian era strata underneath the surface. 

I suppose one could dig deeper and look into the geochemical interaction between ground and lake water.  There are also soil surveys, aerial maps, and charts of bedrock geology.  There is also the study of sediment from lakes that were left behind by melted ice glacier.  

I started reading my new book in earnest.  It is Minnesota's Geology by Ojakangas and Matsch.  I like it better than my old MN geology book, which is really too old, because it has more humor and human interest. 

The first chapter is a briefing about geology in general with just a few specific Minnesota references.   It starts out with an exciting version of how the Minnesota River formed, when a melting glacial lake overflowered and flooded through a valley, eroding it and revealing much older rocks.  This may have occurred twelve thousand years ago.  Some geological dates are mind-boggling;  12 thousand years doesn't seem that long.  Or does it?  Another fact that stood out is that Minnesota doesn't have any gemstones of significance. But collectors can find agates and other quartz minerals that are quite interesting. 

 

Am I a Neanderthal?

On occasion I work for Mechanical Turk.  I do HITs.  HITs are human intelligence tasks that can't be done by artificial intelligence.  I get paid a little now and then.  Today I worked for AccessDNA.  The questionnaire I filled out reminded me that I am a European Caucasian, my relatives had an aneurysm, colon cancer, anemia and depression, and I take a lot of meds.  AccessDNA is a useful site for people planning pregnancies, finding out what they're going to die from, who their father is or if they are indeed a father, and stuff like that.  There are lots of links for people who need help because of their genetic inheritance.  I have also received a promise that I will be notified of DNA souvenirs, gifts, and so on when and if they become available.  A report was generated on me, and I received the summary, which was frustrating and leaves me wondering if there was more.  For some reason the file was corrupted and I had to open it in Appleworks.

 But there was a link on that site that fascinated me.  A scientist is sequencing Neanderthal DNA and so far he concludes that Neanderthal and modern man interbred.  So Neanderthals probably contributed to our gene pool.  That would explain a lot.

more sulfates

There are a few more sulfates covered in mineralogy texts.   Bronchantite is formed by oxidation of copper sulfides in arid areas. It is green. Antlerite is similar to bronchantite but the crystals are more often tabular or fibrous. It is also green.

Glauberite is described as a double salt. It is found in arid areas such as Chile, the dry lakes of California, Egypt, Russia, and India. Its crystals form in salt deposits. It is gray, yellow, or colorless.

Alum is a sulfate with commercial applications. Its most recognizable form is in the styptic pencil.

Got a notice from MN DOT. My rock shop signs have to be replaced, even though to me they look new, to the tune of nearly one thousand dollars.Maybe I will reinvent the rock business, and myself.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

barite group of sulfates

The barite group of sulfates includes barite, celestite, and anglesite. Barite is used in paints and papers. It is also added to drilling mud in oil wells to control the specific gravity of the mud. Celestite is found throughout the world, mostly in sedimentary rocks. It is named for its distinct pale blue color. The nicest blues seem to be from Madagascar. Anglesite is usually an alteration product of galena. It is usually mixed with cerussite, a carbonate. It is usually colorless, white or gray but can be yellow, blue or green.

I painted a dinosaur on sandstone today.  An albertosaurus. It was a tyrannosaurid, but smaller than rex. And I am not the worlds best artist.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

sulfates

Sulfates are oxygen and sulfur compounded with one or more metals. There are over 150 named varieties, due to the number of possible combinations.  Gypsum is the most common. The distinct varieties are alabaster, selenite, and satinspar. Gyppsum is used in plaster of Paris.

Anhydrite is less common than gypsum. It is associated with salt beds and has a pearly luster. It takes up water and converts to gypsum.

Epsomite is common as epsom salts. It is found in mineral waters and deposits, and contains cobalt, zinc, manganese and nickel.Now to the metaphysical Adularia is called the stone of the Goddess. It is a form of moonstone that can be faceted. It is clear with a beautiful iridescence, and is quite rare Many of the deposits in Sri Lanka have been depletes. Some has been found in the Austrian alps. It is valued as a means of inward journeying and symbolizes tranquility.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

nitrates

Nitrates are not geologically widespread, nor are they mineralogically significant, except for two types that are used in explosives and for fertilizer. These are niter, also known as saltpeter, and soda niter.Both are found in Chile. They are water soluble. During the Civil War, the supply from Chile was cut off by the Union army and the Confederacy made use of niter associated with bat guano found in caves in Tennessee.

I am not a student of metaphysics. However, I am grateful to those who use stones and crystals for healing for the resurgence of interest in rocks. Adamite is a zinc arsenate associiated with joy, love, creativity and enthusiasm. Usually it is a bright yellow green. The best specimens are from Mexico and Namibia.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

blog problems
I blogged about nitrates and adamite but it looks like the blog builder ate up my work.

miscellaneous carbonates

The miscellaneous carbonates covered in books of mineralogy are azurite and malachite. Both are basic copper carbonates, considered too soft to make good gemstones but their color makes up for their lack of hardness.  Azurite is bright blue and malachite is bright green.; Crystals are rare and both are found as earthy aggregates, sometimes together.

Some other miscellaneous carbonates are natron, trona and hydrozincite. These are soft, water soluble, crusty materials formed by the evaporation of water from lakes. In the case of trona, it is the evaporation of  lakes such as those in Utah, California and Egypt.

A friend has loaned me a beautiful book, The Book of Stones, which delves into the metaphysical and healing aspects of stones and crystals, material with which I am not familiar and which I sometimes look askance at. I may blog about this book, with the constant disclaimer that I really dont understand or subscribe to this philosophy of gems and minerals but I have an open mind.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

rock business etc.
My rock business might be perking up a little.  Not sure yet.  In the meantime I do my other work, which is writing articles and short fiction for print publications and the web, housekeeping chores, yard work including gardening, taking care of the animals, and lately, painting pictures.  The pictures fall into several categories:  ones that might enhance my rock business, a few for a church project, some to illustrate stories I write and that I will use if I start up my publishing business again, and some just as a hobby.   And, oh yes, photography...mostly of rocks but also other objects.  I have to use a tripod because my hand isn't steady enough and I can't adjust my camera (not knowledgeable...I'm just a point and shoot photographer).

http://www.oliviahoff.com

aragonite

The aragonite group of carbonates consists of aragonite, witherite, strontianite, and cerussite.Aragonite is another of the minerals that a fossils shell can change to. Some fossil samples are part aragonite and part calcite.

Witherite is found in low temperature hydrothermal veins where galena is the major ore. Strontianite is found with celestite in limestones.Cerussite is also known as white lead ore. It has the highest specific gravity of any carbonate. Now, isnt that interesting?

It is a beautiful sunny day and I think I'll go out and do some rockshop cleaning along with flower planting.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

dolomite group

Dolomite is similar to calcite in appearance. It is used in cement and to obtain the raw material magnesium oxide. The dolomite group includes magnesite, which is also a source of magnesium oxide for industry. Rhodochrosite is popular with mineral collectors because of its beautiful pink color but it is quite soft. Ankerite is found with iron bearing rocks at such locations as Guanajuato, Mexico, New York and Nova Scotia.Smithsonite in its porous form is called dry-bone ore. In crystal form it may be glassy or pearly.

 

I'm not sure what I will read or blog about after mineralogy but I am leaning toward dinosaurs or gemology.

I am thinking about writing some flash fiction.

 

http://www.oliviahoff.com

SHOP IS A MESS

My rock shop is in disarray.  Enough said.  Moving right along...  The next mineral group to consider is the carbonates.  There are more than 70 minerals in this classification  but only the calcite and dolomite groups are found in abundance.

 Calcite is very common.  It is the main constituent of limestone.  Many fossils are calcium carbonate skeletons of algae and invertebrates.  Under pressure, limestone turns into the metamorphic rock marble.

Siderite is another member of the group.  It oxidizes into limonite.  I just recently traded for some limonite crystals from England.

more about feldspar

The plagioclase feldspars are a solid solution series.  The end stones are albite and anorthite.  Intermediate specimens include labradorite, a well known gem when it's chatoyant, and bytownite, found in Minnesota.

The feldspathoid group are framework silicates containing less sillica than the feldspars.  These were formed in silica-poor areas and therefore are not found in areas where there is a lot of quartz.  Sodalite belongs to this group.  

Two other related groups are scapolite, which in its yellow form has been used as a gem, and the zeolite group which includes 22 well defined species.  The zeolite group includes stilbite, chabazite and heulandite, all of which form into beautiful crystals.

feldspar etc.

I'm doing some paintings for the alternative birthstones, starting with rose quartz, black onyx, bloodstone, and rock crystal.

The next mineral to take up is feldspar.  Feldspar minerals make up one half of the earth's crust.  Microcline is the most common.  This is your familiar pink, green etc. types.  What is different about these that the ions are ordered rather than disordered.  The ordering process occurs as microcline, which is formed under high temperatures, cools.  Sanidine is a disordered potassium feldspar.  It is similar in many ways to monocline but its appearance is more glassy.

Orthoclase and adularia are two types of potassium feldspar that are partially ordered.  Perthite is an intergrowth between two types:  microcline and anorthite.  Anorthoclase is sodium and potassium feldspar and it would have been perthite if it had not cooled so rapidly.  Celsian is a rare type of feldspar that contains barium.

 

 

weather

There is a light glaze over the cars, sidewalks, roads, and everything else.  Rumor had it that school was cancelled due to slipperiness but I'm not sure.  I have a couple of errands out in the shop but I am staying indoors until it's safe to walk.  I have a fear of fallling and breaking my arm again.  The other break never really healed.

I am sorting and dusting books and trying to put them in some order.  The science and rockhounding books will find a home out in the shop, for people to read and consult, and perhaps my collection will grow.  I have a lot of Einstein books.

 Next time I will blog about feldspar, the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust.